A controlled experiment in healthy men offers a lesson in separating a brain response from a lasting benefit.

An imaging result can help explain a biological mechanism without establishing that a treatment improves everyday sexual health.

A placebo-controlled liraglutide study shows why outcome improvements and adverse events belong in the same summary.

A favorable average outcome does not erase side effects or tell every woman what her individual result will be.

Reading a concentration report means preserving limits, units and uncertainty instead of turning every entry into an exact number.

A less-than result gives a boundary under a stated method. Replacing it with zero invents information the report did not supply.

An imaging substudy illustrates the difference between measuring liver fat and demonstrating recovery from liver disease.

A lower MRI fat measurement is a specific finding. It should not be rewritten as proven reversal of fibrosis or prevention of liver complications.

A randomized withdrawal trial shows why the people entering a study and those entering its main comparison are not always the same group.

A maintenance result applies most directly to the participants who reached randomization. It does not turn the trial's calendar into a personal cycle.